I decided to go back to Mountain Lion, 10.8.5 via Time Machine... not sure of what to do next.
I did check to see if the problem with ColorSync is also present in this OS and whadya' know... it IS! I ran the verify function of ColorSync and it turned up a problem with the same 4 color profile files. At least here it has not started showing a stupid error message upon startup or logging in of the machine. Still requires caution though... after I ran the verify, I restarted the machine and all sorts of things in my dock were messed up. I was able to put them right however. What I did before running ColorSync was move several items I had in a folder I called "Third Party Utilities" into the OS's Utilities folder... was that what set ColorSync off? I dunno but all the affected dock items had been in that folder.
I suspect ColorSync.app has a massively annoying bug in it and apparently it's been there for a long time... want to take bets on how long Apple will ignore this one?
... or Adobe, could be. The profiles are all in the Application Support folder for Adobe...
I have Adobe CS6 and (luckily) haven't seen this issue.
Also, it's usually not a good idea to go moving things unless you KNOW it won't cause problems. Anything that installs with an installer, as opposed to drag and drop, tends to put things in various different places on your HD and you run the risk of making things nonfunctional if the bits aren't where they're supposed to be.
You could also try deleting the problematic profiles; there also seem to be duplicates for them on my Mac. There are some in Adobe/Color/Profiles and what appears to be exactly the same file (same size, name & creation date) in Adobe/Color Profiles (which are NOT the ones it's complaining about.) You could try making copies of these and parking them in the /Color Profiles folder and see if the errors go away. No harm in trying at this point.
Maybe reinstall CS 6 or Photoshop? It's definitely NOT a universal issue, so a fresh install might help.